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Manis Mastodon Site
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Drawing of a mastodon skeleton by Rembrandt Peale
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| Nearest city: | Sequim, Washington |
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| Governing body: | Private |
| NRHP Reference#: |
78002736 [1] |
| Added to NRHP: | March 21, 1978 |
The Manis Mastondon site is the 2-acre (1 ha) site of an archaeological dig on the Olympic Peninsula near Sequim, Washington, USA. During the dig, the remains of an American mastodon was recovered which had a projectile made of the bone from a different mastodon embedded in its rib. The site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.
On August 8, 1977, a farmer named Emanuel Manis was excavating his property with a backhoe, when he found the tusks of an American mastodon.[2] After making several calls, Manis soon had an archaeological dig on his property, led by Dr. Carl Gustafson of Washington State University. On the first day of digging, a rib bone was excavated, that had what appeared to be a spear point made from the bone of a different mastodon embedded in it. The "spear point" had bone growth around it, indicating that the point had not caused the mastodon's death.[3] Because of this, Gustafson deemed the point the earliest known evidence of interaction between humans and mastodons. However, there was no consensus in the archaeological field as to whether or not this was provable,[4] because of the lack of indisputable proof that the point was made by humans.[5] This situation changed in 2011, when a new study of the remains definitively concluded that Gustafson was right as to both the age and the human origin of the point.[6] Along with the point, Gustafson analyzed the position of the 6,800-kilogram (14,991 lb)[3] fossil, which was lying on its left side, while the heavily fragmented skull was rotated 180 degrees from its natural position. Noting that this could not have occurred due to natural causes, Gustafson deduced that the carcass must have been tampered with by humans.[7] In addition to the possible evidence of human/mastodon interaction, archaeologists were surprised to find a mastodon in the area at all, because pollen samples that were taken showed no evidence of trees, which mastodons fed on.[8]
In an excavated layer above the mastodon, as well as that of a 6,700 year-old deposit of ash from the eruption of Mount Mazama, a projectile-point was found in the style of Coastal Olcott points common in the area no earlier than 9,000 years ago.[9]
The site also turned up remains of caribou, bison, and plant macrofossils.[10] Bones of the bison showed evidence of butchering by humans.[11] The pollen found in the same layer as the mastodon was predominantly sedge and cattail, while other layers contained that of plants ranging from Canadian buffaloberry, blackberry and wild rose, to willow and alder.[12]
Gustafson continued to excavate at the site for eight years, finding the partial remains of two more mastodons. Though stone tools and artifacts of bone were found, Gustafson failed to find evidence of an encampment by the people theorized to have butchered the mastodons.[13]
Prior to the excavation at the Manis site, which was dated to around 12,000 years old,[14] archaeological sites west of the Cascade Range considered to be "early" were aged between 9,000 and 6,000 years old.[15]
During the years of excavation, Clare and Emanuel Manis welcomed over 50,000 visitors to the site. In 1978, when the site was added to the National Register of Historic Places, Senator Henry M. Jackson made the announcement.[13] In 2002, on the 25th anniversary of the discovery, Manis' widow donated the site to the National Archaeological Conservancy.[4] The fossil remains of the mastodon were donated to the Museum & Arts Center in Sequim and are now on display. A casting of the bone projectile point is also on display.
In November 2011, Shirley Manis [1], daughter of discoverer Emanuel Manis, authored the first and only children's picture book [16] about the Manis Mastodon Site [2], which includes the most recent research analysis. In Oct. 2011, CT scans and DNA tests performed at the Center of the Study of the First Americans (CSFA), Anthropology Department at Texas A&M University published findings about the spear point. The CT scans clearly established the spear point had been sharpened to a needle point by human hands. The DNA tests dated the Manis site at 13,800 years old. Archaeologists have long believed the Clovis people were the first human inhabitants of North America and that they lived here 13,000 years ago.
The Manis Mastodon Site is 800 years older than the Clovis people. This single fact changed the long-held beliefs of archaeologists about the earliest human inhabitants of North America. The Manis Mastodon Site remains the oldest archaeological site on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington State and one of the oldest in North America.
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